ABSTRACT
To end the new COVID-19 pandemic, most of the world's population needs to be immune to the virus, protecting individuals from infection, and ultimately ensuring herd immunity at the population level. A variety of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed worldwide for adults and children over the age of 12 years, and the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing symptomatic diseases and hospitalization is being studied. One of the major obstacles to COVID-19 vaccination that has emerged along with the global immunization program is vaccine hesitation or disapproval. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported vaccine hesitation as one of the 10 global health threats of 2019. This is also related to COVID-19. The present review, explore the current evidence on COVID-19 vaccination platforms and vaccination efficacy, safety, and adverse effects among strategic sub-populations, including elderly people, people with chronic disease (diabetes, cancer), pregnant and lactating women, children, youth, and vaccination willingness or hesitancy among the target population.
ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 is an international public health emergency in the world. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the geographic pattern and temporal trend of Coronavirus disease 2019 incidence, fatality, and recovery rates worldwide. Methods: The present ecological study is a mixed exploratory study. The study population included Patients with COVID-19, recov-ered individuals, and deaths from COVID-19 from October 1, 2019, until June 30, 2021, worldwide. Descriptive analysis included the calculation cumulative incidence rate (CIR), case fatality rate (CFR), and case recovery rate (CRR) of COVID-19. Global Moran's I and Anselin Local Moran's I tests were used for spatial analysis. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine the time trend by ArcGIS, Joinpoint, and SPSS software. Results: The average cumulative incidence rate was 1077 in 106 individuals;also, the average case recovery rate and average case fatality rate were %72.81 and %3.21, respectively. Global Moran's I index measured for CIR was 0.159. The results of Anselin's local Moran's I, high-high cluster, consists of some countries in South America and in southern and Western Europe and central and western Asia. The temporal trend of changes in the incidence rate and CRR of COVID-19 were incremental, and the average annual percentage change from October 2019 to June 2021 increased by 44.4% and 3.2%, respectively (P < 0.001), but CFR decreased by-0.3% and was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: As regards the specific spatial pattern of fatality and recovery rate of COVID-19, it seems essential to consider spatial conditions and environmental factors which are related to the incidence and fatality of COVID-19 in different regions, as well as the necessity of upgrading the care system in high-risk areas, in order to have better management and control of the pandemic and optimal function in early diagnosis, proper treatment, and high vaccination coverage. © 2023, Author(s).
ABSTRACT
In many major cities, significant financial and physical capital has been spent constructing shopping centers. The high profitability of commercial construction has led many developers to build large luxury shopping malls. Adding amenities, such as cinemas, cafes, restaurants, food courts, amusement parks, galleries, and exhibitions, to these malls has increased their attractiveness. The COVID-19 pandemic—which began in China in December 2019 before spreading worldwide—affected many areas of life, including people's shopping habits, especially in metropolitan areas. At the start of the pandemic, people were exhorted to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters and avoid crowded environments as much as ppossible. These health guidelines resulted in the relatively long closure of shopping malls in cities. This study aims to investigate changes to people's shopping habits. It focuses on malls in Tehran and how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted different groups of people's habits, as a way of understanding future use and development of urban areas. The required data were collected via a survey conducted in 2021 wherein 1,071 responses from different regions in Tehran were gathered and analyzed using descriptive analysis methods. © 2023 The Authors. Regional Science Policy & Practice © 2023 Regional Science Association International.
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Background: COVID-19 is an international public health emergency in the world. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the geographic pattern and temporal trend of Coronavirus disease 2019 incidence, fatality, and recovery rates worldwide. Methods: The present ecological study is a mixed exploratory study. The study population included Patients with COVID-19, recov-ered individuals, and deaths from COVID-19 from October 1, 2019, until June 30, 2021, worldwide. Descriptive analysis included the calculation cumulative incidence rate (CIR), case fatality rate (CFR), and case recovery rate (CRR) of COVID-19. Global Moran's I and Anselin Local Moran's I tests were used for spatial analysis. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine the time trend by ArcGIS, Joinpoint, and SPSS software. Results: The average cumulative incidence rate was 1077 in 106 individuals;also, the average case recovery rate and average case fatality rate were %72.81 and %3.21, respectively. Global Moran's I index measured for CIR was 0.159. The results of Anselin's local Moran's I, high-high cluster, consists of some countries in South America and in southern and Western Europe and central and western Asia. The temporal trend of changes in the incidence rate and CRR of COVID-19 were incremental, and the average annual percentage change from October 2019 to June 2021 increased by 44.4% and 3.2%, respectively (P < 0.001), but CFR decreased by-0.3% and was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: As regards the specific spatial pattern of fatality and recovery rate of COVID-19, it seems essential to consider spatial conditions and environmental factors which are related to the incidence and fatality of COVID-19 in different regions, as well as the necessity of upgrading the care system in high-risk areas, in order to have better management and control of the pandemic and optimal function in early diagnosis, proper treatment, and high vaccination coverage. © 2023, Author(s).
ABSTRACT
A novel highly sensitive cone structured porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based pressure sensor capable of detecting very low-pressure ranges was developed for wearable respiration monitoring applications. The pressure sensor was fabricated using a master mold, a dielectric layer and fabric-based electrodes. The master mold with inverted cone structures was created using a rapid and precise three-dimensional (3D) printing technique. The dielectric layer with a porous and cone structures was prepared by annealing the mixture of PDMS, nitric acid (HNO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in a master mold with inverted cone structures. The electrodes were developed by screen printing silver on fabric. A sensitivity of approximate to 530 %kPa(-1) was measured for the fabricated pressure sensor at ultra-low-pressure ranges from 0 Pa to 10 Pa. The porous-cone structures provided an excellent deformation and thus resulted in high sensitivity for detecting very low pressure ranges below 100 Pa (135 %kPa(-1)). As application demonstration, the pressure sensor was sewed inside a surgical mask and it's capability to detect different respiration rates (normal, fast, and deep breathes) was investigated. An airflow controller system and custom-built software was also developed for performing the continuous sensor data acquisition and capacitance conversions while changing the airflow rate.
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Methods: In this review, the aim was to disease prevention and control methods and Chinachr('39')s experiences in this field. For these purposes, keywords such as coronavirus, novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, prevention and control were searched in popular databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus. Databases related to COVID-19 to access new articles have also been used by some of the top journals in the field, including JAMA, Lancet, Cell, Nature, BMJ and medRxiv.
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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [COVID-19] quickly turned into a pandemic. Gastrointestinal involvement, especially liver diseases, is one of the main complications of COVID-19 patients. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the high incidence of liver involvement in COVID-19 hospitalized patients and its association with mortality. Methods: A total of 560 hospitalized patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. Death was considered as the outcome. In addition to liver enzymes, demographic, clinical, and other laboratory data were also collected. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels_ 40 were considered as abnormal. To investigate the association between abnormal levels of liver enzymes and death, multiple regression logistic was used. Results: According to the findings, 29.1% (95% CI = 25.3% - 32.9%) of patients had high levels (_ 40 IU) of ALT, and 45.1% (95% CI = 40.9% - 49.3%) had high levels of AST (_ 40 IU). The frequency (based on %) of high levels of AST (_ 40 U/liter) was significantly higher in patients who died [67.3% (95% CI = 54.5% - 80.1%] of COVID-19 than those who survived [44.9% (95% CI = 39.7% - 50.0%)] (Pvalue < 0.001). No significant difference was detected in ALT between expired [29.1% (95% CI = 16.7% - 41.5%)] and survived patients [30.7% (95% CI = 25.9% - 35.5%] (P-value = 0.791). AST was found to have an independent association with death in multiple logistic regression (Wald = 4.429, OR (95% CI) = 1.014 (1.008 - 1.020), P-value = 0.035). Conclusions: Liver involvement is a common finding in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Higher levels of AST were significantly associated with an increased mortality rate in COVID-19 patients.
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Since the 1970 the replication and pathogenesis mechanism of different coronaviruses have been studded.. In 2002-2003, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) in China emerged which resulted in 8098 cases and 774 deaths. About 10 years later in 2012, the MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) spread in Middle Eastern countries and leads to infection in 2465 cases. In Dec 2019, another acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-2 emerged in Wuhan, China. The virus is assumed to be mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets. Travels and communications leads to high prevalence of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) in the world, and currently in Iran. The current review was conducted to compare the virus structure, genome organization, virus life cycle, pathogenesis and prediction the future of COVID-19. © 2020, Iranian Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved.